Dual-engine high-speed heavy-duty
non-traditional chemical rocket design and manufacturing technology, referred
to as "Deh-RD-MT.", Dual-engine high-speed heavy- As
"Deh-RD-MT."
In the 21st century, mankind began to enter
the depths of the moon, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Saturn and so on. Space
station technology, aerospace technology has developed rapidly, and has become
the cutting-edge representative field of human high intelligence wisdom. In
fact, aerospace cutting-edge technology, nothing more than modern physics,
modern chemistry, astronomy, geology, biology, medicine, materials science,
aviation science, electronic technology, control technology, radar technology,
communication technology, mechanical and electrical integration technology ,
And so many collections of science and technology integration. Among them, the
most leading trend of electronic technology, aerospace technology, atomic
energy technology, biotechnology, rocket technology. Rocket technology is
particularly important, not only in the military, in the field of aerospace is
extremely important. So that it can be said that the great significance of
rocket technology in human society far beyond the people's imagination and
product judgments. In particular, rocket technology and atomic energy
technology are of paramount importance in the peaceful use of outer space by
humankind. Rocket technology and atomic energy technology are very important
for any country. Of course, we here mainly emphasize the peaceful use,
including atomic energy technology and rocket technology. The Charter of the
United Nations and the relevant international conventions have such constraints
and rules. The International Convention on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,
the International Convention on Atomic Energy, and so on.
1. nuclear energy technology, also known as
"nuclear energy." That is, the energy released when the nucleus
changes, such as heavy nuclear fission and light nuclear fusion when the
release of the huge energy. Before the discovery of atomic energy, humans only
know that the world has mechanical energy, such as motor kinetic energy; there
are chemical energy, such as burning alcohol into carbon dioxide gas and water
to release heat; there is power, when the current through the electric wire,
will be issued heat and light The The release of these energies will not change
the quality of the material and will only change the form of energy.
The birthplace of human atomic energy is
the world's top universities in the United States ,
the University of
Chicago Manhattan program, the famous physicist Fermi led the team
to build the first human (controlled) nuclear reactor at the University of Chicago
Nuclear Rocket Nuclear Power Spacecraft
Nuclear Power Vehicle Nuclear Power Train Nuclear Power Carrier Nuclear Power
Submarine Nuclear Power Station Nuclear Power Battery Nuclear Power Mars
Volleycraft Nuclear Power Aircraft, etc., the key lies in nuclear power engine,
nuclear energy converter, nuclear safety technology and other successful research
and manufacturing. Nuclear energy is very important for mankind, energy
application, nuclear development prospects are very broad. As the times
progress, nuclear energy will be applied to many aspects of human life.
Especially human into the moon, into Mars, into Jupiter satellites, into the
far-reaching universe, the use of nuclear energy is essential and will show
their talents. (Nuclear warfare is not included here, including nuclear
missiles, atomic bombs, nuclear mines, etc., should strictly follow the
international peaceful use of nuclear energy related to international treaties
and conventions, to defend world peace, the establishment of nuclear-free
world) With the development of the times, nuclear safety Technology will be
increasingly perfect, the use of nuclear energy promising. Human into the moon,
Mars, etc., nuclear energy, solar energy development and use unstoppable The
2. Rocket technology High-speed heavy-duty
traditional chemical rocket and high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical
fuel rocket technology. Traditional chemical fuel rocket technology has long
been the main body of aerospace science, which is beyond doubt. So, here, do
not speak high-speed heavy traditional chemical rocket technology, mainly to
explore and study non-traditional chemical rocket technology. Traditional
chemical rocket technology is more popular, all over the world in many
countries, such as satellites, spacecraft, space stations, missiles,
spacecraft, detectors, etc., we have become commonplace. However, high-speed
heavy-duty non-traditional chemical fuel rocket, it is relatively rare, or even
blank. Because the high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical rocket
technology developed almost zero. The United
States , Russia ,
Europe, China , Japan , India
At the end of the 19th century and the
beginning of the 20th century, with the advancement of science and technology,
modern rocket technology and space flight developed, pioneer representatives of
the former Soviet Union Ziokovsky, American Goddard and Germany Obert.
Magnetic confinement fusion engine
Magnetic confinement fusion is probably the
best way to generate electricity, but it is probably not ideal in terms of
aerospace, not because we have to invent the ion plasma directional control
system, but because we must install a magnetic field generator and may still be
large , And the low density of the pulp in this way means that the engine must
be made very large. But we have to look at how the future development.
Inertial confinement fusion engine
As with the Orion program, this program is
a direct use of nuclear explosions, but this program is in the hull inside the
explosion, in the tail to promote the use of laser or particle beam to detonate
small fuel ball, to detonate 30 to 250 per second. The use of particle beams in
the vacuum of the universe has a significant advantage over the atmosphere,
without interference from atmospheric molecules. Relatively speaking, this
program is the most feasible, but it is clear that this way to install other
facilities, such as lasers or particle beam generator, and need to provide them
with energy, although this program is likely than magnetic confinement fusion
engine To light. Μ meson catalytic fusion engine
This solution is also less suitable for
aerospace because the μ meson has a very short lifetime, which means that we
have to install the mu saddle on the spacecraft to increase the weight and
eliminate the benefits of the absence of the magnetic field generator and the
laser. And the current technology to create μ meson need too much energy, there
is no energy to launch the spacecraft.
Regardless of the way you use, you need to
invent a magnetic field limit device to protect the spacecraft's spout, or
high-heat ions will soon melt the nozzle.
Nuclear fission engines are divided into
the following four types:
1) Solid core nuclear engine: In this
engine, the propellant is heated by the solid fuel core and is estimated to
reach about 800 seconds faster than the impulse;
2) Particle Bed nuclear engine: In such an
engine, the liquid propellant is pumped into the nuclear fuel, which achieves
very high heat, so that the impulse can reach about 1,000 seconds, pushing the
weight ratio more than 1;
3) Liquid core nuclear engine: This
approach is to use liquid nuclear fission fuel, because you do not have to
worry about the melting point of fissile material, so to achieve higher
temperatures to get a greater advantage than the impulse can reach about 1,500
seconds, pushing weight ratio of more than 1 ;
4) Gas Core Nuclear Engine: In this case we
do not have to worry about the evaporation of fissile material in which the
propellant flows through the fissile material of the plasma state to achieve
the highest possible temperature. After installing a cooling system, Reaching
7,000 seconds.
Nuclear power is the use of controlled
nuclear reaction to obtain energy, resulting in power, heat and electricity.
The principle of nuclear power is to carry out nuclear fission in a closed
container to obtain heat, used to drive the steam engine. The steam engine can
provide power directly, or you can connect the generator to generate
electricity.
And the rockets and satellites need fuel
fuel injection force, if the nuclear power of the heat into the jet force is
still difficult, but also to the nuclear reactor made very small and very light
to be installed in the rockets and satellites, which is a technical difficulty
The The most important thing is the nuclear safety issue, once the rockets and
satellites failure or crash, that the ground may be suffering. Space Nuclear
power refers to the general term for equipment and systems used to convert
nuclear energy into electrical energy and to supply spacecraft or electric
thrust rockets. It has the characteristics of light weight, small size, strong
anti-radiation ability, long life and high window utilization, and can be
applied in interstellar navigation away from the sun, so it is indispensable in
addition to outer space exploration and lunar base activities, In the global
communications, marine military reconnaissance, space laser and particle beam
weapons and the use of electric rocket to promote the transfer of the track and
so on have a potential advantage. Is the field of aerospace for the development
of advanced power plant.
Space nuclear power plant can be divided
into two types of radioactive isotopes and nuclear reactors. The former uses
radioactive isotopes to absorb heat from the material and generates electricity
through the thermo-electric conversion device. The latter uses fission from the
reactor to generate heat and reacts it into electricity.
The camera first launches the nuclear
reactor on the track.
And then block the block once again
launched on the track, and then assembled as a whole shield.
Launch a number of slender pipes, connected
in outer space into a long pipe.
Launch space cockpit and ion propulsion.
In the external spaceless weightless
environment,
Radiation illumination and distance into a
square inverse relationship, so with one or several long tube to the reactor
and cockpit away from tens of meters to several kilometers according to the
calculation of free choice. In the absence of gravity in outer space, the
relationship between length and structure is weak. So the tube slender also
does not matter.
The shield is installed in the middle of
the reactor and cockpit shielded radiation.
Ion propulsion is the use of the reactor to
generate a huge power, the ionization of the media after the use of
electromagnetic field to the rear high-speed jet, get recoil power. This
propeller thrust is weak, but the work of a long time, continuous advance can
accelerate the spacecraft to a very high speed. Related technology is not
profound.
The design of the heaviest shield and the
center of the propeller is random, taking into account the factors that make
the center of gravity and torque better adjusted. Can be optimized.
Slender tube in the middle or outside to
take the wire and control circuit.
Rocket Design Design Parameter Selection:
Use the set of parameters to determine the rocket's weight, thrust and
geometry, etc., depending on the given parameters (or range), payload and
propellant for a given set of optimal design parameters The The overall design
parameters are: the engine vacuum ratio thrust (the ideal speed of the rocket
is proportional to it), the rocket mass ratio (reflect the level of weight
reduction of the rocket structure and the degree of loading of the propellant),
the ratio of the thrust to the takeoff weight (Ie, the ratio of the ratio of
the vacuum ratio to the ground ratio, the ratio of the area ratio of the engine
nozzle, the change in the height of the flight), the takeoff load on the
maximum unit cross section of the rocket (reflecting the rocket Thickness
level), multi-stage rocket stage takeoff mass ratio (which affects the rocket
size and carrying capacity). Of course, this is the traditional chemical fuel
rocket design, if it is other types of rockets, calculation formulas and
various parameters there are many changes. Chemical rocket design, calculation
for non-traditional chemical rocket, it is also very important. Of course,
there are very similarities and differences.
Rocket engine will be energy into the
working medium (working fluid) kinetic energy, the formation of high-speed jet
discharge and produce thrust.
Chemical rocket engine propellant is both
energy and refrigerant, it is in the combustion chamber for exothermic
reaction, the chemical energy into heat, generate high temperature gas, through
the nozzle expansion accelerated, the heat into gas flow to high-speed from the
spray Tube discharge, produce thrust. At present, the most technically mature
liquid rocket engine, especially the use of liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen
engine performance is highest, known as low-temperature high-energy engine. The
liquid rocket engine consists of a thrust chamber (including a propellant
injector, a combustion chamber and a nozzle), a propellant supply system and an
engine control system.
Nuclear rocket engine
Nuclear rocket engine with nuclear fuel for
energy, with hydrogen as working fluid, by nuclear reaction or radioactive
decay release heat energy heating fluid, after the nozzle expansion accelerated
high-speed discharge, resulting in thrust. Nuclear engines are still under
investigation.
Electric rocket engine
Electric rocket engine power for energy,
with hydrogen, nitrogen, fluoride or hold, mercury, riveting, potassium and
other alkali metal vapor for working fluid. Power to speed up the working
fluid, the formation of high-speed jet discharge, resulting in thrust.
US Falcon Heavy (Falcon Heavy), high 69.2
meters, the Earth's low orbital load of 53 tons, thrust up to 16900 kN, is the
US private space company "SpaceX" built since the human race since
the most powerful rocket, this The rocket, called the heavy Falcon, is expected
to be launched for the first time in 2016, bringing goods and people to the
moon, asteroids and even Mars. The Delta IV rocket series has three main
structures or types: medium, medium + (4.2, 5.2 and
Delta IV Heavy Rocket
5.4), heavy. Each of the structures is
equipped with a first stage (2/3 at the bottom of the rocket) and a second
(rocket top 1/3) rocket, which includes a fuel tank and a main engine, which
includes a secondary engine, a fuel tank, Carrying goods and a variety of
electronic equipment.
The first stage of the medium rocket
includes a universal booster core (CBC) powered by the RS-68 engine. Its second
stage is powered by the RL10B-2 engine, as well as various operating and
controlled electronics, such as the Redundant Inertial Flight Control System
(RIFCA) used in Delta II and the fuel tank and oxidizer tank The
The first stage of the medium and rocket
contains two or four solid rocket-tied graphite epoxy engines (GEM) with a
diameter of 1.5 meters, in addition to the same components as the medium
rocket. All medium-sized rockets use the RL10B-2 engine to power the second
stage, but versions 5.2 and 5.4 have larger diameter fuel tanks and longer
oxidizer tanks than medium and medium +4.2 versions.
'Alt = Delta type IV rocket
border = 0 label-module = para class = "" v: shapes = "_
x0000_i1025"> Delta IV heavy rocket
The heavy rocket looks like a super rocket,
it not only has the main general boost core, but also includes two additional
bundled boosters. The three boosters are equipped with RS-68 engines, the second
stage of the heavy rocket and a fuel tank with a diameter of 5 meters and a
5-meter-diameter carrier facility
Parameter assignment: According to the
selected rocket technical indicators, the overall program and design
parameters, through the design and analysis of sub-system design parameters.
This work includes calculating the initial parameters, determining the size,
volume, weight, center of gravity, moment of inertia and various deviations of
the rocket, the aerodynamic characteristics of the rocket, the aerodynamic
heating, the flight orbit procedure, the standard orbit, and the deviation
Characteristics and liquid shaking characteristics, load, delivery system
pressurization, flight stability, guidance accuracy and reliability of the
calculation and comprehensive analysis.
The United States Saturn 5 is still the
largest ever used in human history, the maximum weight of the carrier rocket,
up to 110.6 meters, take off the weight of 3038.5 tons; total thrust of 3408
tons, the moon orbit carrying capacity of 45 tons, near-Earth orbit carrying
capacity of 118 tons The Saturn 5 is a three-stage rocket, made by S-1C first,
S-2
Secondary, S-4B third stage, instrument
compartment and payload. The first level of 42 meters, 10 meters in diameter to
the bottom of the tail diameter increased to 13 meters. There are four stable
tail fins on the tail section, the wingspan of about 18 meters. The first stage
uses five F-1 engines, the propellant for liquid oxygen and kerosene, and two
10-meter-diameter aluminum propellant tanks are reinforced with beams and
frames. The second level of 25 meters, 10 meters in diameter, the use of liquid
oxygen liquid hydrogen propellant, sharing five J-2 engine. Third grade 18.8
meters, 6.6 meters in diameter, a J-2 engine, propellant liquid oxygen liquid
hydrogen.
Although NASA has envisioned larger rockets
(such as the Rising Rocket), Saturn 5 is the largest rocket in the history of
Saturn's launch rockets, [1] Saturn 5 by Marshall Space Flight Commander Werner
von Braun and his German rocket team served as design and development work, the
main contractors, including Boeing, North American Airlines, Douglas aircraft
company and IBM.
Rockets are: chemical rocket engines
Solid rocket engine
Liquid rocket engine
Hybrid rocket engine
Electrical rocket engine
Ion rocket engine
Electromagnetic accelerator engine
Other rocket engines and so on
Solid rocket and liquid rocket is now more
commonly used rocket. In addition, there are mixed rockets - with solid fuels,
but with liquid oxidants. In addition, it should be mentioned that today's
launch vehicles mostly contain liquid rockets and solid rockets; that is, the
first section of a rocket is solid, while the second section is liquid. So far
only chemical rockets and ion rockets are practical.
Rocket technology innovation, is the 21st
century the most important of a cosmic revolution - the greatest revolution in
nature. Mankind out of the earth, began to enter the universe, the significance
of extraordinary. Landing on the moon, landing on Mars, the transformation of
the use of the moon and Mars, and other human beings can move the planet, will
completely rewrite the history of natural universe and human survival history,
its meaning is self-evident. Therefore, the development of high-speed heavy-duty
rockets, especially non-traditional chemical fuel rocket research and
manufacturing, is of great importance. In accordance with the existing
scientific and technological capabilities, human into the moon has no big
obstacles, technical maturity than landing Mars high, use, transformation and
immigration of the moon's capital investment in some areas than landing Mars
less. Landing the moon, the use of, the transformation of the moon, immigration
of the moon, and further landing Mars, the transformation of Mars, the use of
Mars, 100 - 200 years will inevitably appear in the special events. 1-2
centuries, or more for centuries, after a few hundred years, the moon will
first appear in the moon village, the moon city, far more than the Antarctic
polar life circle, is entirely possible and realistic. Mars, may also be so,
perhaps later, because landing Mars transformation of Mars technical difficulty
and huge investment, there are many uncertain factors, including. The moon is
the Earth's neighbors, human neighbors, landing, use, transformation of the
moon, benefit from. Mars in natural conditions seems superior to the moon, and
therefore more attractive. All in all, regardless of the moon, whether it is
Mars, Venus, Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter satellites, and other planets that can
emigrate, fly from the earth to the moon, Mars, and so on. Interstellar flight,
rocket technology led first. And large heavy-duty high-speed rocket is an
inevitable choice. Only interstellar transport made a major breakthrough, interstellar
flight can become possible. Traditional chemical fuel rocket technology is more
mature, contributed; but only stop, the desire of mankind to enter the universe
will be stagnant. Therefore, the study of manufacturing new non-traditional
chemical rocket of the task, placed in front of mankind. Yes or back, the
answer is yes. Many countries and outstanding scientists have made great
contributions to this, the United States, Russia, Europe, China, Japan, India,
the United Arab Emirates, as well as the world's space agencies. Of course,
there is success, there will be a failure. For example, high-speed heavy-duty
non-traditional chemical fuel rocket development, quite complex and difficult,
such as the combination of atomic energy and rocket technology, nuclear rocket,
solar rocket, ion rocket, laser rocket, rocket, rockless rocket, etc. Difficult
and difficult. Especially related to engineering practice, is almost blank.
Fill this gap, the difficulty can be imagined. However, we believe that with
the development of the times, rocket technology is a major innovation and
breakthrough is bound to come. Although human beings can not exhaust the
universe, but the invention of the invention of the new heavy-duty
high-altitude rocket or distant things, humans can not cross the space tunnel
into the infinite universe, but great hope and wisdom to land on Mars, Jupiter
and even fly Go to the Milky Way. Human wisdom is infinite, but the great
human, after all, is part of the natural universe, and only the high-level
wisdom of animals, life animals, primate mammals. The kind of view that mankind
is much higher than the transcendent natural universe, is a call to the
transcendent species, but also epistemological blind spot or is a kind of
ignorance and naive. Even if humans enter the moon into Mars into the Milky
Way, it is only a drop in the ocean. The existence of the destruction of the
natural universe continues, and species, humans, creatures have a considerable
relationship, but not very large; in other words, even without human existence,
the natural universe still exists. As for the beginning or end of the natural
universe, it is only the natural and inevitable historical process and
historical process of the natural universe. In fact, the universe is not life and
death. (Which belongs to the cosmology, the classic range of physics, not too
much here to elaborate). Rocket technology combines high thrust (million Newtons
Than the red
An important indicator of the performance
of the engine is the impulse of the unit mass of the propellant, ie, the punch
(usually writing Isp). Ratio of available speed (Ve per second or foot per
second) or time (second). The engine is often better than the large engine.
Net thrust
The following is the approximate
calculation formula for the net thrust of the engine:
Since the rocket engine does not have an
air inlet for the jet engine, it is not necessary to subtract the punching
resistance from the total thrust, since the net thrust is equal to the total
thrust (excluding static back pressure). Here, do not make too much theoretical
calculations and theoretical research, as long as the study and study of
practical nuclear-powered rockets and other new rocket key technology. Imagine
the conversion of nuclear energy into chemical or near-high-speed jet
technology in the narrow and extremely limited space environment in the
high-speed rocket, is not easy. First, the ability to convert, nuclear power
security technology is quite complex. In the current real state of technology,
the breakthrough limit is impossible and unrealistic purely ideal technology or
pure test technology, rather than fully implement the full set of mature
technology, and therefore, the practical value is very small, or even do not
intend to use The Nuclear energy use, rocket technology is the first safe and
reliable, technology is fully mature, otherwise, will bring catastrophic
consequences. Under these conditions, it is difficult to try to develop nuclear
rocket technology or other non-chemical fuel high-speed heavy-duty rocket
technology. Comprehensive research program, technical demonstration,
double-engine high-speed heavy-duty rocket to break through the neck bottle,
open up a new non-traditional chemical fuel heavy-duty high-speed rocket
development of a door. The so-called twin engine, not only refers to nuclear
energy, chemical energy, electricity, solar energy, etc., refers to the use of
several kinds of mixed or combined or main auxiliary, which does not exclude
the use of traditional chemical energy. Technology mix, not simply mix, mix,
but the technical integration, technological innovation, technology coupling,
this is the substantive revolution. For example, the application of traditional
chemical rocket technology, nuclear power (micro-reactor units), solar
concentrator board technology, transducers, converters, etc., the essence of
technology. This is undoubtedly high-speed heavy-duty rocket development to
broaden the road, and that is not a test can not be practical technology, can
be really in the rocket development can be applied. In such a small combination
of rocket body technology, high technical requirements, integration,
modularity, switching, technical redundancy, technology nesting, technology
enrichment, technical compatibility and so need high, fine, sharp. The
development of this rocket, from the design, materials, manufacturing, testing,
testing, industrial experiments, practical flight and other aspects of the need
for high technology, only with considerable strength and a variety of
cutting-edge technology reserves of the country may be developed. Of course,
her cost is not very expensive, but the function and function of traditional
high-speed heavy-duty rocket is unparalleled. This is undoubtedly the future
high-speed heavy rocket development of the important direction.
The electric rocket engine is a rocket
engine that uses electric energy to accelerate the working fluid and form a
high-speed jet to generate thrust. Unlike chemical rocket engines, the energy
and working fluid of this engine are separate. Electric energy is provided by
the aircraft, usually by the solar energy, nuclear energy, chemical energy can
be obtained by the conversion device. Refrigerants are hydrogen, nitrogen,
argon, mercury, ammonia and other gases.
The electric rocket engine consists of
power supply, power switch, power regulator, working fluid supply system and
electric thruster. The role of the electric thruster is to convert electrical
energy into the kinetic energy of the working fluid, so that it produces
high-speed jet flow and produce thrust.
The electric rocket engine has a very high
than the red (700-2500 seconds), very long life (repeatable million times, the
cumulative work up to tens of thousands of hours). But the resulting thrust is
less than 100N. This engine is only suitable for spacecraft attitude control,
position and so on.
Nuclear rocket engine. This system consists
mainly of nuclear reactor energy, propellant tanks, and turbo pumps and other
groups. The propellant (usually liquid hydrogen) is heated by the nuclear
reactor to a high temperature and then rapidly expands through the nozzle. High
heat conditions of the working fluid sprayed vigorously for the launch vehicle
and its payload provides a powerful thrust. Nuclear rocket propellant can use
different working fluid. The specific impulse of the rocket engine decreases
with the increase of the molecular weight of the injected gas, so hydrogen is
an ideal propellant with a molecular weight of only 2. In order to ensure that
a certain volume of nuclear rocket is carried as much as possible with hydrogen
propellant, hydrogen is generally stored in liquid hydrogen in tanks in
cryogenic conditions. Nuclear rocket propulsion system is the use of ternary
carbide as nuclear fuel, zirconium hydride for the slowdown of the reactor
system. During operation, the system's turbo pump pumps the propellant hydrogen
(also helium, xenon) from the tank and flows through the reactor cooling and
decelerating material (zirconium hydride) with an external pressure vessel.
Driven by a propellant, and then through the reactor
The electric rocket engine consists of
power supply, power switch, power regulator, working fluid supply system and
electric thruster. The role of the electric thruster is to convert electrical
energy into the kinetic energy of the working fluid, so that it produces
high-speed jet flow and produce thrust.
The electric rocket engine has a very high
than the red (700-2500 seconds), very long life (repeatable million times, the
cumulative work up to tens of thousands of hours). But the resulting thrust is
less than 100N. This engine is only suitable for spacecraft attitude control,
position and so on.
Nuclear rocket engine. This system consists
mainly of nuclear reactor energy, propellant tanks, and turbo pumps and other
groups. The propellant (usually liquid hydrogen) is heated by the nuclear
reactor to a high temperature and then rapidly expands through the nozzle. High
heat conditions of the working fluid sprayed vigorously for the launch vehicle
and its payload provides a powerful thrust. Nuclear rocket propellant can use
different working fluid. The specific impulse of the rocket engine decreases
with the increase of the molecular weight of the injected gas, so hydrogen is
an ideal propellant with a molecular weight of only 2. In order to ensure that
a certain volume of nuclear rocket is carried as much as possible with hydrogen
propellant, hydrogen is generally stored in liquid hydrogen in tanks in
cryogenic conditions. Nuclear rocket propulsion system is the use of ternary
carbide as nuclear fuel, zirconium hydride for the slowdown of the reactor
system. During operation, the system's turbo pump pumps the propellant hydrogen
(also helium, xenon) from the tank and flows through the reactor cooling and
decelerating material (zirconium hydride) with an external pressure vessel.
Driving the turbo pump by the heated propellant, and then through the reactor
fuel assembly, to high temperature, from the nozzle spray, resulting in thrust.
The United States, Russia
(the former Soviet Union ) mainly study the
results and methods of nuclear rockets. The core of the rocket nuclear thermal
propulsion system is the nuclear reactor. How to ensure that the nuclear
reactor outlet temperature (because the rocket's specific impulse, that is, the
thrust generated per unit mass of propellant is proportional to the square root
of the temperature), and to extend the reactor run time is the key to the
development of the rocket thermal propulsion system. At present, the US nuclear
rocket program is technically successful, but only on the prototype of the
ground test, has not yet been space to run the field test ... the United
States, Russia (the former Soviet Union) in nuclear rocket research has a lot
of experience, it is worth studying The。
Nuclear rocket engine
Laser pulse rocket engine
Antique Rocket Engine
Star (space) gas filling rocket engine
without rocket, etc., this will not go into details.
Nuclear rocket and laser pulse rocket, is
doing the sample experiment, anti-matter rocket and interstellar gas stamping
rocket is still only in theory to explore the study.
Fission Class: Fission Type Rocket Engine
The essence is to miniaturize the nuclear reactor and place it on the rocket.
Nuclear rocket engine nuclear fuel for energy, liquid hydrogen, liquid helium,
liquid ammonia for working fluid. The nuclear rocket engine consists of a
nuclear reactor installed in a thrust chamber, a cooling nozzle, a working
fluid delivery system and a control system. In the nuclear reactor, nuclear
energy into heat to heat the working fluid, heated by the nozzle after the
expansion of the accelerator to 6500 ~ 11000 m / s speed from the nozzle
discharge and produce thrust. Nuclear rocket engine than the high (250-1000
seconds) long life, but the technology is complex, only for long-term work of
the spacecraft. This engine is still under test because of nuclear radiation
protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control, and efficient heat exchanger
design and other issues can not be resolved. In addition, the sun heating and
photon rocket engine is still in the theoretical stage of exploration.
Nuclear rocket engine
Fusion type: fusion rocket engine is
considered to be the most promising to achieve the solar system within the
rocket engine, its principle and chemical rocket similar, but the fuel into
hydrogen isotope deuterium, tritium and helium three, the use of nuclear fusion
reaction The release of the huge energy to promote the rocket, compared to the
chemical rocket several orders of magnitude higher.
Since the material produced by the fusion
nuclear reaction is neutron, proton and helium, it can not be used in the
Earth's atmosphere, but the space itself is filled with a variety of radiation,
so the use of space is not wrong. Nuclear fusion rocket engine the most
important problem to be solved is the ignition and fuel chamber high
temperature materials (reaction room temperature up to tens of millions to
hundreds of millions of degrees Celsius) two issues.
The rocket name is a brief description
The following are the same as the "
Nuclear thermal rocket
Material technology limits the upper limit
of temperature; some of the exhaust gas containing radioactive particles;
nuclear reaction layer is very heavy; can not be used on the surface of the
earth; push weight ratio is not high
Gas core reactor rocket
It is difficult to heat the propellant
without the fissile material in the exhaust gas; the throat of the nozzle faces
a lot of heat problems; the tail gas is destined to be highly radioactive; the
use of nuclear light bulbs can contain fissile material, but the ratio is
reduced by half
The following are the same as the "
Fissure sails
Theoretical stage.
Nuclear salt rocket
Nozzle heat treatment problem; propellant
instability; exhaust high radioactivity; still in the theoretical stage
Nuclear shocks (explosive atomic bombs or
thermal bombs) have never been tested; thrust plates may be damaged due to
vibration; the current minimum size of the nuclear bomb is still relatively
large; small-scale use of expensive; contrary to nuclear-related treaties; in
the atmosphere using nuclear radiation
Antimatter catalyzes nuclear impulses
(fission or fusion into energy) in the macro quantity of antimatter, the
product is currently impractical; still in the theoretical stage
Fusion rockets (nuclear fusion for energy)
far more than the current level of technology
Antique rocket
Anti-matter products and processing
problems; energy to neutrino, gamma rays and muons loss; thermal problems;
still theoretical stage
Error correction
Error correction
The world's scientists put forward a
variety of new non-traditional chemical fuel high-speed heavy-duty rocket
development technology and programs, which undoubtedly laid a solid foundation
for future success.
Rocket program design includes the
selection of the overall parameters, to determine the overall program and the
sub-system to prepare the initial development of the task book. Before
selecting the overall parameters, determine the propellant and engine type, the
number of stages, the connection mode, the operating mechanism type, the
separation mode, the structure of the rocker structure, the rocket shape and
the part arrangement.
Propellant selection: propellant accounted
for 80 to 95 percent of the rocket takeoff weight, directly affecting the
carrying capacity of the rocket. Therefore, non-traditional chemical fuel
rocket for fuel, propellant use to be limited.
Force, engine type, trajectory
characteristics and performance. Liquid propellant performance is high, thrust
control is convenient. Solid propellant can make the rocket size small, the
system is simple, launch preparation time is short, take off to accelerate
fast. The propellant is selected in order to obtain as much calorific value and
density as possible, requiring the propellant to be corrosive and less toxic,
and the mechanical strength of the solid propellant is high. Propellants for
missiles require stable physical and chemical properties in the use temperature
range and in long term storage.
In the new non-chemical fuel high-speed
heavy-duty rocket technology development, although there are many promising
progress, but the real application of aerospace engineering practice and
complete technology mature rocket technology did not appear, the traditional
chemical rocket technology still dominate. To make a difference, it's not easy.
Rocket technology limit, it is difficult to have a big breakthrough. This
requires scientists and technical experts to start their brains, divergent
thinking, not rigidly adhere to a skill, and to learn from the public, in order
to get the mind. For example, chemical energy - nuclear energy - solar - energy
- heat - kinetic energy between the conversion, transduction, multi - level,
single - level, direct conversion, indirect conversion, direct advance,
indirect advance, which requires laborious study. Only in this way can be from
shallow to deep, from the table and, gradually enter the nirvana, innovative
thinking, to achieve tangible results. High-tech compound blend, traditional
chemical fuel propulsion, nuclear power propulsion, the use of solar energy,
and so can play a role. This is the non-traditional chemical high-speed heavy
rocket development of the important divergent thinking, not just convergence of
thinking. And then the rocket technology to fly the specific circumstances of
the environment, must be followed and can not be violated. The human dream flew
out of the earth to the moon for about a few thousand years tens of thousands
of years, the rocket was successfully completed on the moon; so, even tens of
thousands of times the human genius, it is impossible to whip suddenly fly to
Jupiter satellite, fly to the Galaxy , The time span of at least tens of
thousands of years. Even if landing Mars, probably also need a considerable
period of time, may be several decades, it may be several hundred years. The
key lies in the new high-speed heavy-duty rocket technology breakthrough and
leap. This process also takes quite some time to process, is not an easy thing.
The greatness and wisdom of mankind, and the naive and ignorance of mankind are
always coexisting. Even if the day of human victory landing Mars, or landing
Jupiter satellite, human wisdom can not be compared with the huge universe.
There is an essential difference between the two worlds.
Rocket recovery first control the rocket
attitude. As the rocket shape slender, landing attitude is not easy to fall.
Space exploration technology company carried out the previous recovery test
Instead of chemical energy may have nuclear
energy, electromagnetic energy, solar energy and so on. But the biggest problem
is working. Pneumatic type must have a lot of working fluid to work, and these
fuels can not produce a lot of gas as chemical fuel to promote the rocket. May
be able to use a large number of photons back to promote the rocket (light
momentum, back to the photon can make the rocket produced equal size of the
reverse momentum), but now can not produce such a huge energy to promote the
rocket. So to replace the chemical rocket must completely change the rocket to
push the way the F-1 rocket engine.
Now cited the United States, Russia and
other large rocket instructions: (from the US Space Agency, the Russian Space
Agency, the European Space Agency, China Aerospace Bureau, the British Space
Agency, the Indian Space Agency, Japan Space Agency, the German Space Agency,
The United States developed the world's
largest thrust single-chamber liquid rocket engine, for the Saturn 5 rocket, a
single thrust 700 tons, the use of kerosene as fuel, liquid oxygen as oxidant.
F-1 detailed data:
Combustion form: gas generator open cycle,
liquid - liquid combustion
Propellant: kerosene - liquid oxygen
Thrust: sea level 690.988 tons
Vacuum 793.683 tons
Than the red: sea level 255.4 seconds (70
engine average)
Vacuum for 304.1 seconds
Diameter: 3.645 meters
Length: 5.598 meters
Total weight: 8451.66 kg
Workflow propellant flow: kerosene: 838.2
kg / s, liquid oxygen 1784.7 kg / s
Turbine pump power: 46225 kilowatts
Number of design starts: 20
Design life: 2250 seconds
RD-170 rocket engine
Russia developed the world's largest thrust
liquid rocket engine, using kerosene + liquid oxygen, a single thrust of 800
tons (using a four-chamber, four-nozzle design, some people think it is four
engines in parallel, but shared gas generators and turbo pumps) , For the
energy source launch vehicle and zenith carrier rocket (RD-171 rocket engine,
the RD-170 improved) the first level.
Its derivative model has RD-180 rocket engine,
thrust 400 tons, equivalent to the RD-170 is divided into two, dual fuel
chamber, double nozzle. Used for the first level of the US
RD-191 rocket engine, a single thrust of
200 tons, single-chamber single nozzle, the equivalent of RD-170 and then
divided into two, for the Russian Angara carrier rocket. The RD-151 derivative
model RD-151 was sold to South Korea
for the first level of the Los Angeles
RS-68 rocket engine
The United States
RD-0120 Rocket Engine
Space shuttle main engine (SSME)
The main engine of the US
Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Engine
The world's largest rocket engine, a single
thrust up to 1,200 tons, can be reused 10 times for the US
(Source: Encyclopedia website world space
agency official website aerospace magazine)
Wormhole utilization technology, time
and space distortion technology. Nuclear pulse propeller. Bushard jet engine.
Laser power propulsion, solar sail propulsion technology, no material rocket propulsion,
etc. These technologies are still in the study or pilot flight, etc., can not
be despised, can not be anxious to succeed. As a scientific research is
imperative. Of course, aerospace science and technology needs a perfect
maturity, otherwise, will bring catastrophic consequences. Therefore, from the
practical aspects of engineering technology, the rocket technology must be
safe, reliable, fully mature, really feasible, can be suitable for the
application of aerospace flight. This is a very important and important issue.
Therefore, for practical rocket technology, the preferred must be the reality
can be successfully used in the existing mature technology, rather than the
opposite. Therefore, here in particular stressed that fully mature technology,
other technologies are not within the practical considerations. A variety of
new heavy-duty high-speed rocket technology is the great wisdom of mankind and
scientists, must not be underestimated; but, from the practical practicality,
the preferred technology is only mature technology.
Solid rocket
Liquid rocket
Solid - liquid mixed rocket
Single component propellant rocket
Binary liquid propellant rocket
Dual mode propellant rocket
Ternary propellant rocket
Air expansion rocket
Turbo rocket engine
The following are the same as the "
Solar heat to advance the rocket
Propellant is simply designed to be heated
by solar concentrator, using hydrogen as a propellant, more than 900s,
equivalent to a thermonuclear rocket used only in space because the thrust is
quite low and hydrogen is not easy to store in space. If the use of slightly
higher molecular weight propellant will reduce the ratio of red
Nuclear energy is the energy released by
nuclear fragmentation or fusion.
2. Chemical energy is the energy change
caused by the chemical reaction (atomic rearrangement combination).
The engine of the working fluid refers to
the energy produced by the engine (internal combustion engine, etc.) to change
the physical state of the working fluid so that the working fluid is sprayed in
the opposite direction to obtain the forward propulsion force. By the momentum
theorem, when the volume of the pushed body is constant, the mass of the
procured material x is proportional to the forward propulsion. (Working fluid:
that is, working fluid, propellant)
The new heavy-duty high-speed rocket
technology is the key technology developed and developed in the world,
including the United States, Russia, China, India, Europe, Japan, Brazil, the
United Arab Emirates and other countries. Countries put a lot of manpower and
resources, there is considerable progress, it is worth celebrating.
The new heavy-duty high-speed rocket, as
long as different from the traditional chemical fuel rocket, as mentioned
above, non-traditional chemical fuel rocket, focusing on major innovative
technology research and development, which is the human and the entire
aerospace science and technology is an important breakthrough.
From Earth to the Moon, Mars, Jupiter or
its planet, rocket technology is the first important. Non-traditional chemical
fuel high-speed heavy-duty rocket technology, mainly on the aerospace, landing,
landing Mars and so great significance, at the same time, for other areas, such
as aircraft, missiles and other development is no trivial matter, can not be
underestimated. High-speed heavy-duty rockets, first of all on the moon is also
very important. It takes only a few days for mankind to travel to the moon, the
human lunar tour, the establishment of the moon village, the transformation of
the moon, the moon - the transport between the earth and so on. Costs are
greatly reduced and reduced. Can meet each other in the next 100 - 200 years,
Can meet each other in the next 100 - 200 years, the moon first human migration,
not a few people, but hundreds, thousands, followed by Mars. Human beings use
the technology to emigrate the moon is now ready, Mars is far away. Then there
is a lot of money into the problem. Moon investment and Mars investment is not
the same, the tens of billions of dollars can be hundreds of billions; and
Mars's comprehensive investment may be a few trillion or tens of trillion
several hundred trillion. Investment is too high, low returns, high risk is the
key reason. Some people say that the natural environment of Mars is better than
the moon, in fact, each has its own length. At this stage the practical
significance and the use of value, the value of the moon may be far more than
Mars. The late value of Mars, of course, can not be ignored.
The development of new heavy
rocket, nothing more than the traditional chemical fuel rocket and
non-traditional chemical fuel rocket. Traditional chemical rocket technology
has been a few hundred years, mature, and widely used in various countries,
such as aerospace engineering and military engineering. Non-traditional
chemical rockets also have many precedents and achievements, the front has been
briefly described. High-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical fuel rocket
technology is the most important frontier of modern science and technology,
such as nuclear rockets, rockets, ion rockets, laser rockets, solar rockets,
rockless rocket, etc., breaking the limits of rocket technology, Great
difficulty, of course, is also extremely unattainable. Chemical energy, heat,
nuclear energy, electricity, wind energy and other use and conversion, is the
key to research and development. At the same time, it does not exclude the
development of new propulsion devices. But the current human technology and the
limits of wisdom, the original intention, it seems difficult to achieve. This
is the difficulty of this technological breakthrough, many research and test
results are not ideal or slow progress or failure. The main reason (1).
Traditional jet chemistry (chemical energy) combustion chemical thrust and new
thrust can not be effectively connected. For example, the transformation of
nuclear energy, solar energy, electricity conversion and so on. (2. Aerospace
engineering and general technical engineering of the particularity, nuclear
submarine nuclear nuclear reactor nuclear reactor can be used to transform
nuclear energy, and in extremely limited rocket body use of nuclear energy
conversion difficulties, conditions limitations; chemical and nuclear energy,
combustion chemistry and nuclear chemistry (3). Regardless of the use of thrust
or counter-thrust, it is difficult to achieve saturation on high-speed
heavy-duty rockets. (4) Various special limitations of space navigation. (5)
Existing fuels (7) other factors. Rocket flying at high altitude, its
structural structure must be suitable for flying in the air, that is, it is
impossible in a small limited size of the body is too large to build a large
number of rocket launchers. Complex electromechanical system reserve system
conversion system, the use of space is extremely limited.Based on the above
reasons, the dual engine high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical fuel
rocket, propulsion system using twin-engine thrust structure, the traditional
chemical rocket propulsion and new non-traditional chemistry Rocket propulsion
closely linked to the overall design, and is divided into primary and secondary
primary and secondary, nuclear micro-reactor and solar concentrator integrated
technology integration, including traditional chemical advance, miniaturization
integration, modular, machine, to save space, Nuclear power and chemical energy
to a certain proportion of the chemical fuel warehouse to reduce more than half
of the effective space greatly expanded rocket launch rely on chemical fuel
into the outer space flight, automatically switch to non-chemical propulsion
can also be used in both compatibility, Interchangeability, reliability,
interlocking micro-nuclear reactor module integration, solar concentrator
board, and other auxiliary propulsion systems, etc. Micro-core reactor module
with secondary encapsulation technology and special safety protection
technology Core technology: Conversion system - Control system - Fuel system -
emergency system - self-help system - interlock system - etc. Core components:
A miniature reactor - conversion device - jet (other auxiliary equipment, etc.)
B. Solar panels - solar energy conversion (auxiliary equipment) C. Chemical
fuel - Chemical rocket engine - nozzle, etc., this is not described in detail
Dual-engine
high-speed heavy-duty rocket technology for the series of rockets, mainly
multi-engine rocket engine and auxiliary flight propulsion combined combination
switch, the implementation of interstellar space in the ultra-long-range heavy-duty
high-speed flight, the traditional chemical fuel greatly reduced, instead From
other propulsion devices and power. The so-called twin-engine rocket is not a
simple mix of rocket engine propellers, but the combination of new propulsion
and traditional propulsion eccentricity, the main advance is not a chemical
advance, which is a major improvement in traditional chemical rocket
technology, Heavy, chemical fuel configuration greatly reduced, therefore, the
rocket structure will be a major change. Advancing mainly rely on a variety of
propulsion devices, chemical engine to become auxiliary to promote. Super long
distance heavy load continuous flight, the main and vice forward is very
critical. Nuclear propulsion, solar and chemical energy optimization. (At
present, there are many such studies, but the arrival technology is complete
and mature yet). Furthermore, the main and auxiliary propulsion of the close
combination and switching, in the interstellar flight is essential. Especially
fly to Mars, Jupiter and other planets, the advantages of the twin-engine
rocket is more obvious, ultra-long distance continuous flight, no need to add
fuel, heavy load, rocket fuel tank storage to reduce, more chemical fuel
safety, speed, Can be partially recovered or fully recovered. The overall
design of the rocket and the overall technology conform to the equivalent of
the aerospace specification. Moreover, the rocket security technology,
technical redundancy, there are many breakthroughs. For example, first aid
technology, radiation protection technology, self-help technology, emergency
automatic return technology, and interstellar flight warning technology,
machine integration technology, module assembly technology, automatic control,
semi-automatic control, manual control, technical reserves, switching
technology , Integration technology, and so have a new design. (Of course, many
have been repeatedly verified the use of complete sets of technology, etc., to
ensure that the rocket flight safe and reliable). In order to reduce the
mechanical and electrical accidents such as the whole, the design uses seamless
docking design, compact structure, double lock, try to avoid too much
cumbersome structure, as much as possible to reduce their weight, and other
technical measures and special technical means to deal with. Major equipment
and technology are basically two-way design. But it is not a spacecraft,
because the difficulty and risk of flying in space is far greater than the
ocean voyage, so, to be simple, compact, light, easy to repair and maintenance.
Especially in the event of an accidental emergency response system, with spare
emergency return cabin (Rocket spacecraft automatic return capsule). Engine
structure. B. Control structure. C. Fuel structure. D auxiliary structure. A
Linkage switch structure. F. ancillary structure. G. Other structures and so
on. Here mainly discusses the main structural part of the rocket, the other
slightly. Natural, high-speed heavy-duty rocket machine parts, parts, parts a
lot, versatility, interchangeability, compatibility, special nature, need
special manufacturing. Especially the core components, the core structure is
particularly important. Dual-engine high-speed heavy-duty rocket is mainly used
as a long-range space flight heavy-duty rocket technology - the main role of
transport. Deep space exploration of interstellar flight is the main feature.
Of course, can also serve as its use, such as spacecraft and so on. For
example, the human landing on Mars, rocket spacecraft can be loaded Mars landing
cabin, etc., no longer elaborate. Here, focus on non-traditional chemical fuel
heavy rocket design and development and other key issues. Fantasy step by step
technology is unrealistic, can only be honest step by step forward. It is
difficult to develop high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical rockets,
and each time they need to pay a great price.
As mentioned above, the
twin-engine rocket does not exclude the traditional chemical rocket technology,
in fact, the traditional chemical rocket technology is more mature, widely
used, for example, the United States on the moon, the former Soviet Union
Gagarin fly out of the Earth, the International Space Station, China Detection,
etc., the traditional chemical rocket played a very important role, and
irreplaceable. No traditional chemical rocket, lunar landing, flying out of the
earth is simply a dream. This has already been mentioned earlier. However,
science and technology is endless, aerospace technology is bound to continue to
advance, rocket technology is bound to continue to develop innovation,
otherwise, can only be marking time. Human landing on Mars difficult, which
requires innovation and development, steady progress. Chemical rocket can not
give up, at the same time, try to develop new high-speed heavy-duty rocket is
the key. Rocket technology innovation, or sooner or later will produce. As the
ancients overlooking the moon and can not enter, the US
Science and
technology research and development experiments need a warm and lasting
progress. The power of the day is nothing but fantasy. The development of the
traditional rocket has gone through several hundred years, the computer
development has also experienced nearly a hundred years only today's brilliant.
Therefore, continuous research, continuous failure, continuous innovation, to
be successful. Non-traditional high-speed heavy-duty chemical rocket
"Deh-RD-MT."
Development is also true.
Zilkovsky is a student of
rocket technology and space flight research.
Dr. Goddard began researching
modern rockets in 1010. In 1919, he proposed the mathematical principles of
rocket flight, pointing out that the rocket must have a speed of 7.9km / s to
overcome the gravity of the earth. He realized that the liquid propellant
rocket had great potential. In March 1926 he succeeded in developing and
launching the world's first liquid propellant rocket with a flight speed of
103km / h, an ascending height of 12.5 meters and a flight distance of 56
meters. This is the rocket really started. Despite the limited, after all, is
the first to open up the way people really use the rocket.
Professor Obert in his book published in
1923 not only established the basic principles of the rocket working in the
vacuum of space, but also that the rocket as long as enough to produce enough
thrust, will be able to fly around the Earth orbit. Like Zilkovsky and Goddard,
he has conducted extensive research on the combination of many propellants.
The appearance of the real
modern rocket was in Germany Germany
Rocket engine is the use of impulse
principle, comes with propellant, do not rely on the outside air of the jet
engine. The rocket engine is a highly efficient thermal engine that produces
high-speed jets, resulting in high combustion chamber temperatures and high
compression ratios as well as the Carnot cycle. Rocket engine nozzle is a
convergence-diffusion nozzle (ie, Laval-DeLaval nozzle), by the inlet section
(convergence section), throat (throat lining), export cone (diffusion or
expansion section), its role Is the combustion products of thermal energy into
high-speed jet kinetic energy to produce thrust. Energy in the rocket engine
into the working fluid (working medium) kinetic energy, the formation of
high-speed jet discharge and generate power. Rocket engine according to the
formation of gas flow energy types are divided into chemical rocket engines,
nuclear rocket engines and electric rocket engines and other.
Chemical rocket engine is the most mature
technology, the most widely used engine. The prototype of the nuclear rocket
has been successfully developed. The electric rocket has been applied in the
space propulsion field. The latter two types of engines are much higher than
the chemical rocket. Chemical rocket engine is mainly composed of combustion
chamber and nozzle, chemical propellant is both energy and refrigerant, it is
in the combustion chamber will be converted into heat energy, the formation of
high-temperature gas through the nozzle expansion accelerated, the heat into
gas flow to high speed (1500 to 5000 m / s) from the nozzle, resulting in
thrust. Chemical rocket engine according to the propellant state is divided
into liquid rocket engine, solid rocket engine and hybrid propellant rocket
engine. Liquid rocket engine using room temperature liquid storage of
propellant and low temperature was liquid low temperature propellant, with
strong adaptability, can start a number of characteristics, to meet the
requirements of different launch vehicles and spacecraft. The propellant of a
solid rocket engine is a mixture of organic propellants (double-base
propellants) or several propellant components (complex propellants) containing
fuel and oxidants in the molecule, directly in the combustion chamber, simple
in structure, easy to use , Long-term storage in the state to be launched,
suitable for a variety of strategic and tactical missiles. Hybrid propellant
rocket engines are rarely used. The overall layout of the rocket: also known as
part of the arrangement. Reasonable arrangement of the rocket sections and
components of the location, to make the rocket structure is compact, reasonable
force, good shape, with good aerodynamic shape and flight stability, but also
conducive to the installation
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